我正在尝试使用 Flask SQLAlchemy 连接到 mariadb 数据库，但出现以下错误：
AttributeError: module 'mariadb' has no attribute 'paramstyle'
这是配置 URI 并尝试连接的函数：
def create_app():
# APP SETUP
app = Flask(__name__, instance_relative_config=True)
app.config.from_mapping(
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI='mariadb+mariadbconnector://user:pass@localhost:post/database',
)
# DATABASE SETUP
db.init_app(app)
with app.app_context():
db.create_all()
return app
到目前为止，我已执行以下操作来尝试解决该问题：
mysql+pymysqlmariadb+mariadbconnectorAttributeError: module 'pymysql' has no attribute 'paramstyle’
mysql+mysqldbAttributeError: module 'MySQLdb' has no attribute 'paramstyle’
sudo apt install libmariadb3 libmariadb-dev
但仍然没有运气，我遇到了与开始时相同的错误：
AttributeError: module 'mariadb' has no attribute 'paramstyle'关于为什么在每个库中缺少此 paramstyle 属性还有更多想法吗？我认为这是与 Flask SQLAlchemy 相关的某种错误，因为它是共同点，但我还没有找到任何东西。
谢谢！
这是完整的错误消息：
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/gunicorn/arbiter.py", line 608, in spawn_worker
worker.init_process()
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/gunicorn/workers/base.py", line 135, in init_process
self.load_wsgi()
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/gunicorn/workers/base.py", line 147, in load_wsgi
self.wsgi = self.app.wsgi()
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/gunicorn/app/base.py", line 66, in wsgi
self.callable = self.load()
^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/gunicorn/app/wsgiapp.py", line 57, in load
return self.load_wsgiapp()
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/gunicorn/app/wsgiapp.py", line 47, in load_wsgiapp
return util.import_app(self.app_uri)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/gunicorn/util.py", line 370, in import_app
mod = importlib.import_module(module)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/lib/python3.12/importlib/__init__.py", line 90, in import_module
return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1387, in _gcd_import
File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1360, in _find_and_load
File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1331, in _find_and_load_unlocked
File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 935, in _load_unlocked
File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>", line 995, in exec_module
File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 488, in _call_with_frames_removed
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/wsgi.py", line 3, in <module>
app = create_app()
^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/spotlessmind/__init__.py", line 28, in create_app
db.init_app(app)
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/flask_sqlalchemy/extension.py", line 374, in init_app
engines[key] = self._make_engine(key, options, app)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/flask_sqlalchemy/extension.py", line 665, in _make_engine
return sa.engine_from_config(options, prefix="")
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/create.py", line 820, in engine_from_config
return create_engine(url, **options)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "<string>", line 2, in create_engine
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py", line 281, in warned
return fn(*args, **kwargs) # type: ignore[no-any-return]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/create.py", line 612, in create_engine
dialect = dialect_cls(**dialect_args)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mariadbconnector.py", line 143, in __init__
super().__init__(**kwargs)
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py", line 2518, in __init__
default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
File "<string>", line 2, in __init__
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py", line 281, in warned
return fn(*args, **kwargs) # type: ignore[no-any-return]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/home/runcloud/webapps/spotlessmind-app/venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py", line 333, in __init__
self.paramstyle = self.dbapi.paramstyle
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
AttributeError: module 'mariadb' has no attribute 'paramstyle'
这是一个权限问题，在我的venv目录中，一些库是由运行程序的用户（runcloud）安装的，而其他库是由root安装的。例如：
drwxrwxr-x+ 3 runcloud runcloud 4096 Nov 22 17:02 jinja2
drwxrwxr-x+ 3 runcloud runcloud 4096 Nov 22 17:02 jiter
drwxr-xr-x+ 4 root root 4096 Dec 5 20:21 mariadb
drwxrwxr-x+ 3 runcloud runcloud 4096 Nov 22 17:02 markupsafe
drwxr-xr-x+ 24 root root 4096 Dec 5 19:06 numpy
这允许 python 程序识别文件夹（并导入库），但无法访问其中的任何内容。因此出现缺失属性错误。
为了解决这个问题，我检查了 root 安装的每个库，并从其中一个功能库（flask）复制了权限和所有权。
这是 mariadb 的示例：
chmod -R --reference=flask mariadb
chown -R --reference=flask mariadb
此后，程序可以导入库并访问其中的文件，没有任何问题。