我首先要强调的是,我已经非常广泛地搜索了Web和Python文档+ StackOverflow,并且没有设法找到这个问题的答案。我还要感谢任何花时间阅读本文的人。
正如标题所示,我正在用Python编写装饰器,我希望它为包装函数添加关键字参数(请注意:我知道如何向装饰器本身添加参数,这不是我要求的)。
下面是我编写的一段代码的工作示例,它完全适用于Python 3(特别是Python 3.5)。它使用装饰器参数,为包装函数添加关键字参数,还定义并向包装函数添加新函数。
from functools import wraps
def my_decorator(decorator_arg1=None, decorator_arg2=False):
# Inside the wrapper maker
def _decorator(func):
# Do Something 1
@wraps(func)
def func_wrapper(
*args,
new_arg1=False,
new_arg2=None,
**kwds):
# Inside the wrapping function
# Calling the wrapped function
if new_arg1:
return func(*args, **kwds)
else:
# do something with new_arg2
return func(*args, **kwds)
def added_function():
print("Do Something 2")
func_wrapper.added_function = added_function
return func_wrapper
return _decorator
现在这个装饰器可以按以下方式使用:
@my_decorator(decorator_arg1=4, decorator_arg2=True)
def foo(a, b):
print("a={}, b={}".format(a,b))
def bar():
foo(a=1, b=2, new_arg1=True, new_arg2=7)
foo.added_function()
现在,虽然这适用于Python 3.5(我假设任何3.x),但我还没有设法让它适用于Python 2.7。我在第一行尝试为SyntaxError: invalid syntax
定义一个新的关键字参数的func_wrapper
,意思是在导入包含此代码的模块时说明new_arg1=False,
的行。
将新关键字移动到func_wrapper
的参数列表的开头,解决了SyntaxError
,但似乎与包装函数的签名相混淆;我现在在调用TypeError: foo() takes exactly 2 arguments (0 given)
时得到错误foo(1, 2)
。如果我明确地分配参数,如foo(a=1, b=2)
,这个错误就会消失,但这显然是不够的 - 不出所料,我的新关键字参数似乎是“窃取”发送给包装函数的前两个位置参数。这是Python 3没有发生的事情。
我很想得到你的帮助。感谢您抽出时间来阅读。
吉文
如果您只将其他参数指定为关键字,则可以将它们从kw字典中删除(参见下文)。如果你需要它们作为位置AND关键字参数,那么我认为你应该能够在原始函数上使用inspect.getargspec,然后在func_wrapper中处理args和kw。
下面的代码在Ubuntu 14.04上使用Python 2.7,3.4(Ubuntu提供)和3.5(来自Continuum)进行了测试。
from functools import wraps
def my_decorator(decorator_arg1=None, decorator_arg2=False):
# Inside the wrapper maker
def _decorator(func):
# Do Something 1
@wraps(func)
def func_wrapper(
*args,
**kwds):
# new_arg1, new_arg2 *CANNOT* be positional args with this technique
new_arg1 = kwds.pop('new_arg1',False)
new_arg2 = kwds.pop('new_arg2',None)
# Inside the wrapping function
# Calling the wrapped function
if new_arg1:
print("new_arg1 True branch; new_arg2 is {}".format(new_arg2))
return func(*args, **kwds)
else:
print("new_arg1 False branch; new_arg2 is {}".format(new_arg2))
# do something with new_arg2
return func(*args, **kwds)
def added_function():
# Do Something 2
print('added_function')
func_wrapper.added_function = added_function
return func_wrapper
return _decorator
@my_decorator(decorator_arg1=4, decorator_arg2=True)
def foo(a, b):
print("a={}, b={}".format(a,b))
def bar():
pass
#foo(1,2,True,7) # won't work
foo(1, 2, new_arg1=True, new_arg2=7)
foo(a=3, b=4, new_arg1=False, new_arg2=42)
foo(new_arg2=-1,b=100,a='AAA')
foo(b=100,new_arg1=True,a='AAA')
foo.added_function()
if __name__=='__main__':
import sys
sys.stdout.flush()
bar()
输出是
new_arg1 True branch; new_arg2 is 7
a=1, b=2
new_arg1 False branch; new_arg2 is 42
a=3, b=4
new_arg1 False branch; new_arg2 is -1
a=AAA, b=100
new_arg1 True branch; new_arg2 is None
a=AAA, b=100
added_function
要向现有函数的签名添加参数,同时使该函数的行为类似于普通的python函数(正确的帮助,签名和TypeError
在提供错误参数的情况下提升),您可以使用makefun
,我专门开发它来解决此用例。
特别是makefun
为@wraps
提供了替代,new_sig
具有try: # python 3.3+
from inspect import signature, Parameter
except ImportError:
from funcsigs import signature, Parameter
from makefun import wraps
def my_decorator(decorator_arg1=None, decorator_arg2=False):
# Inside the wrapper maker
def _decorator(func):
# (1) capture the signature of the function to wrap ...
func_sig = signature(func)
# ... and modify it to add new optional parameters 'new_arg1' and 'new_arg2'.
# (if they are optional that's where you provide their defaults)
new_arg1 = Parameter('new_arg1', kind=Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD, default=False)
new_arg2 = Parameter('new_arg2', kind=Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD, default=None)
new_sig = add_signature_parameters(func_sig, last=[new_arg1, new_arg2])
# (2) create a wrapper with the new signature
@wraps(func, new_sig=new_sig)
def func_wrapper(*args, **kwds):
# Inside the wrapping function
# Pop the extra args (they will always be there, no need to provide default)
new_arg1 = kwds.pop('new_arg1')
new_arg2 = kwds.pop('new_arg2')
# Calling the wrapped function
if new_arg1:
print("new_arg1 True branch; new_arg2 is {}".format(new_arg2))
return func(*args, **kwds)
else:
print("new_arg1 False branch; new_arg2 is {}".format(new_arg2))
# do something with new_arg2
return func(*args, **kwds)
# (3) add an attribute to the wrapper
def added_function():
# Do Something 2
print('added_function')
func_wrapper.added_function = added_function
return func_wrapper
return _decorator
@my_decorator(decorator_arg1=4, decorator_arg2=True)
def foo(a, b):
"""This is my foo function"""
print("a={}, b={}".format(a,b))
foo(1, 2, True, 7) # works, except if you use kind=Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY above (py3 only)
foo(1, 2, new_arg1=True, new_arg2=7)
foo(a=3, b=4, new_arg1=False, new_arg2=42)
foo(new_arg2=-1,b=100,a='AAA')
foo(b=100,new_arg1=True,a='AAA')
foo.added_function()
help(foo)
参数,您可以在其中指定新签名。以下是您的示例的编写方式:
new_arg1 True branch; new_arg2 is 7
a=1, b=2
new_arg1 True branch; new_arg2 is 7
a=1, b=2
new_arg1 False branch; new_arg2 is 42
a=3, b=4
new_arg1 False branch; new_arg2 is -1
a=AAA, b=100
new_arg1 True branch; new_arg2 is None
a=AAA, b=100
added_function
Help on function foo in module <...>:
foo(a, b, new_arg1=False, new_arg2=None)
This is my foo function
它按预期工作:
kind=Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY
因此,您可以看到公开的签名是预期的,并且您的用户看不到内部。请注意,您可以通过在新签名中设置decopatch
来使两个新参数“仅限关键字”,但是您已经知道这在python 2中不起作用。
最后,您可能有兴趣使用from decopatch import function_decorator, DECORATED
@function_decorator
def my_decorator(decorator_arg1=None, decorator_arg2=False, func=DECORATED):
# (1) capture the signature of the function to wrap ...
func_sig = signature(func)
# ...
# (2) create a wrapper with the new signature
@wraps(func, new_sig=new_sig)
def func_wrapper(*args, **kwds):
# Inside the wrapping function
...
# (3) add an attribute to the wrapper
def added_function():
# Do Something 2
print('added_function')
func_wrapper.added_function = added_function
return func_wrapper
使装饰器代码对于无括号用法更具可读性和鲁棒性。除此之外,它支持“扁平”风格,非常适合您的情况,因为它删除了一个级别的嵌套:
qazxswpoi
(我也是这个的作者,因为我厌倦了嵌套和无括号处理而创建了它)