逐像素图像处理的性能问题（Pillow）

问题描述 投票：0回答：1

我使用这种方法将普通图片转换为ascii 艺术。但在不强大的处理器上处理即使是小图像也会杀死它们。是否可以对此进行优化？我尝试用 numpy 做一些东西，但我没有得到任何结果。任何有关优化的帮助将不胜感激，谢谢。这是我失败的尝试(

算法取自这里：https://github.com/Akascape/Ascify-Art

我的代码：

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
import math

def make_magic_old(photo, chars="01", char_size=15, char_width=10, char_height=18, scale=0.09):
    # Rounding scale
    scaleFactor = round(scale, 3)
    # Calculate the length of the character list
    charLength = len(list(chars))
    # Calculate the interval for converting a pixel value into a character
    interval = charLength / 256
    # Convert the image to RGB
    photo = photo.convert("RGB")
    # Load font
    fnt = ImageFont.truetype("assets/fonts/FiraCode-Bold.ttf", char_size)
    # Get size of the image
    width, height = photo.size
    # Scaling the image
    photo = photo.resize((int(scaleFactor * width), int(scaleFactor * height * (char_width / char_height))), Image.Resampling.NEAREST)
    # Getting the sizes in a new way after scaling
    width, height = photo.size
    # Load pixels
    pix = photo.load()
    # Create a new image to display the result
    outputImage = Image.new("RGB", (char_width * width, char_height * height), color="black")
    # Create a drawing tool
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(outputImage)
    # Replace pixes to text
    for i in range(height):
        for j in range(width):
            r, g, b = pix[j, i]
            # Calculate the average color value
            h = int(r / 3 + g / 3 + b / 3)
            # Convert pixel colors
            pix[j, i] = (h, h, h)
            # Display a symbol instead of a pixel
            draw.text((j * char_width, i * char_height), chars[math.floor(h * interval)], font=fnt, fill=(r, g, b))

    return outputImage

def main():
    photo = Image.open("test.png")
    result_photo = make_magic(photo)
    result_photo.save("result.jpg")
    print("Done!")
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

尝试使用 numpy 进行优化：

import numpy as np

def make_magic(photo, chars="01", char_size=15, char_width=10, char_height=18, scale=0.09):
    # Rounding scale
    scaleFactor = round(scale, 3)
    # Calculate the length of the character list
    charLength = len(chars)
    # Convert the image to RGB and then to numpy array
    photo = np.array(photo.convert("RGB"))
    # Load font
    fnt = ImageFont.truetype("assets/fonts/FiraCode-Bold.ttf", char_size)
    # Get size of the image
    height, width, _ = photo.shape
    # Scaling the image
    photo = np.array(Image.fromarray(photo).resize((int(scaleFactor * width), int(scaleFactor * height * (char_width / char_height))), Image.NEAREST))
    # Getting the sizes in a new way after scaling
    height, width, _ = photo.shape
    # Convert the image to grayscale
    grayscale_photo = np.mean(photo, axis=2).astype(np.uint8)
    # Calculate indices for character selection
    indices = (grayscale_photo * (charLength / 256)).astype(int)
    # Create a new image to display the result
    outputImage = Image.new("RGB", (char_width * width, char_height * height), color="black")
    # Create a drawing tool
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(outputImage)
    # Create character array
    char_array = np.array(list(chars))
    # Replace pixels with text
    for i in range(height):
        for j in range(width):
            draw.text((j * char_width, i * char_height), char_array[indices[i, j]], font=fnt, fill=tuple(photo[i, j]))
    return outputImage

之前的图片：

之后的图片：

python python-3.x python-imaging-library
1个回答
0
投票

原始算法确实没有那么糟糕，因此大量加速将非常具有挑战性。对于非常小的图像输出，这里提出的解决方案大约慢 2 倍，对于非常大的输出，这个解决方案大约快 30 倍。

在我的机器上进行测试，即使使用 SSD，

PIL.Image.open
和 
PIL.Image.save
对运行时的影响非常大，尤其是对于较小的文件。这是不可避免的，所以我专注于图像创建组件。

该解决方案的基本概念是预先生成所有字母，然后利用 

numpy
和 
numba
等基本矩阵运算的惊人协同作用将它们平铺到整体图像中。

字体步骤并不是特别适合编译，所以它被留在了 python 领域。如果需要处理很多文件，可以循环调用子函数，省去重复的字体步骤。

这是我想出的解决方案，带有一些额外的测试样板代码：


numba


给出以下结果：


import time

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
import math
import numba
import numpy as np

def make_magic_old(photo, chars="01", char_size=15, char_width=10, char_height=18, scale=0.09):
    # Rounding scale
    scaleFactor = round(scale, 3)
    # Calculate the length of the character list
    charLength = len(list(chars))
    # Calculate the interval for converting a pixel value into a character
    interval = charLength / 256
    # Convert the image to RGB
    photo = photo.convert("RGB")
    # Load font
    fnt = ImageFont.truetype("font.ttf", char_size)
    # Get size of the image
    width, height = photo.size
    # Scaling the image
    photo = photo.resize((int(scaleFactor * width), int(scaleFactor * height * (char_width / char_height))),
                         Image.Resampling.NEAREST)
    # Getting the sizes in a new way after scaling
    width, height = photo.size
    # Load pixels
    pix = photo.load()
    # Create a new image to display the result
    outputImage = Image.new("RGB", (char_width * width, char_height * height), color="black")
    # Create a drawing tool
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(outputImage)
    # Replace pixes to text
    for i in range(height):
        for j in range(width):
            r, g, b = pix[j, i]
            # Calculate the average color value
            h = int(r / 3 + g / 3 + b / 3)
            # Convert pixel colors
            pix[j, i] = (h, h, h)
            # Display a symbol instead of a pixel
            draw.text((j * char_width, i * char_height), chars[math.floor(h * interval)], font=fnt, fill=(r, g, b))

    return outputImage


def make_magic(photo, chars="01", char_size=15, char_width=10, char_height=18, scale=0.09):
    # Convert the image to RGB
    photo = photo.convert("RGB")
    # Load font
    fnt = ImageFont.truetype("font.ttf", char_size)
    # Make character masks to tile into output image
    char_masks = np.empty((len(chars), char_height, char_width, 3), np.ubyte)
    for i, char in enumerate(chars):
        tim = Image.new('RGB', (char_width, char_height), color='black')
        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(tim)
        draw.text((0, 0), char, font=fnt, fill=(255, 255, 255))
        char_masks[i, :] = np.array(tim)
    # Call the numpy + numba optimized function
    new_img_array = _make_magic_sub(np.array(photo), char_masks, char_width, char_height, scale)
    return Image.fromarray(new_img_array, 'RGB')


@numba.njit(cache=True, parallel=True)
def _make_magic_sub(photo, char_masks, char_width, char_height, scale):
    interval = 1 / char_masks.shape[0]
    new_size = (int(photo.shape[0] * scale * char_width / char_height), int(photo.shape[1] * scale), 3)
    outimage = np.empty((new_size[0] * char_height, new_size[1] * char_width, 3), np.ubyte)

    for i in numba.prange(new_size[0]):
        for j in range(new_size[1]):
            rgb = photo[int(i / new_size[0] * photo.shape[0]), int(j / new_size[1] * photo.shape[1])] / 255
            char_num = int(np.floor(np.sum(rgb) / 3 / interval))
            outimage[i * char_height: (i + 1) * char_height, j * char_width: (j + 1) * char_width, :] = char_masks[char_num] * rgb

    return outimage

def _gt(s=0.0):
    return time.perf_counter() - s

def main():
    photo = Image.open("test.png")
    N = 10
    for scale in [0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0]:
        for fun in [make_magic_old, make_magic]:
            fun(photo)  # To skip any caching / compilation times
            s = _gt()
            for i in range(N):
                result_photo = fun(photo, scale=scale)
            e = _gt(s)
            print(f'{fun.__name__:16}{scale:4.2f}  : {e / N * 1000:7.1f} ms')
        print()

    res_old = make_magic_old(photo, scale=0.2)
    res_new = make_magic(photo, scale=0.2)
    res_old.save('result_old.png')
    res_new.save('result_new.png')

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()



在 Windows 10、i9-10900K、Python 3.11.4 上测试


您的结果可能会有很大差异，我运行的处理器远非“强大的处理器”，但我认为这会对您在大多数多线程处理器上有所帮助，您可以看到我们在最大输出图像上获得了大约 32 倍的速度提升.


新代码的输出：


与旧代码的输出进行比较：


如果您有任何疑问，请告诉我。

    



    

    


  

  

    
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