如何在 Perl 中漂亮地打印持续时间？
到目前为止我唯一能想到的是
my $interval = 1351521657387 - 1351515910623; # milliseconds
my $duration = DateTime::Duration->new(
seconds => POSIX::floor($interval/1000) ,
nanoseconds => 1000000 * ($interval % 1000),
);
my $df = DateTime::Format::Duration->new(
pattern => '%Y years, %m months, %e days, ' .
'%H hours, %M minutes, %S seconds, %N nanoseconds',
normalize => 1,
);
print $df->format_duration($duration);
导致
0 years, 00 months, 0 days, 01 hours, 35 minutes, 46 seconds, 764000000 nanoseconds
这对我来说没有好处，原因如下：
pattern中删除“%Y年”（如果下次我确实需要几年怎么办？）
您可以根据某些值是否为“true”来动态构建模式。
...
push @pattern, '%Y years' if $duration->year;
push @pattern, '%m months' if $duration->month;
...
my $df = DateTime::Format::Duration->new(
pattern => join(', ', @pattern),
normalize => 1,
);
print $df->format_duration($duration);
这是我最终使用的：
sub difftime2string ($) {
my ($x) = @_;
($x < 0) and return "-" . difftime2string(-$x);
($x < 1) and return sprintf("%.2fms",$x*1000);
($x < 100) and return sprintf("%.2fsec",$x);
($x < 6000) and return sprintf("%.2fmin",$x/60);
($x < 108000) and return sprintf("%.2fhrs",$x/3600);
($x < 400*24*3600) and return sprintf("%.2fdays",$x/(24*3600));
return sprintf("%.2f years",$x/(365.25*24*3600));
}
我想看到类似“1.2 年”或“3.22 个月”或“7.88 天”的内容
您可以使用 Time::Seconds:
中的常量use Time::Seconds;
use feature qw(say);
...
$time_seconds = $interval / 1000;
if ( $time_seconds > ONE_YEAR ) {
printf "The interval is %.2f years\n", $time_seconds / ONE_YEAR;
}
else {
if ( $time_seconds > ONE_DAY ) {
printf "The interval is %.2f days\n", $time_seconds / ONE_DAY;
}
else {
if ( $time_seconds > ONE_HOUR ) {
printf "The interval is %.2f hours\n", $time_seconds / ONE_HOUR;
}
else {
say "The interval is $time_seconds seconds";
}
也可以使用开关，但它仍然标记为实验性；
use feature qw(switch say);
use Time::Seconds;
...
my $time_seconds = $interval / 1000;
for ( $time_seconds ) {
when ( $time_seconds > ONE_YEAR ) {
printf "The interval is %.2f years\n", $time_seconds / ONE_YEAR;
}
when ( $time_seconds > ONE_DAY ) {
printf "The interval is %.2f days\n", $time_seconds / ONE_DAY;
}
when ( $time_seconds > ONE_HOUR ) {
printf "The interval is %.2f hours\n", $time_seconds / ONE_HOUR;
}
default { say "The interval is $time_seconds seconds"; }
}
甚至可能有一种方法将所有内容组合到一个数组中，以便拥有单个 Time 语句。 （未经测试，但你明白了）：
my @times = (
[ INTERVAL => ONE_YEAR, VALUE => "years" ],
[ INTERVAL => ONE_DAY, VALUE => "days" ],
[ INTERVAL => ONE_HOUR, VALUE => "hours" ],
);
for my $interval ( @times ) {
if ( $time_seconds > $interval->{INTERVAL} ) {
printf "The interval is %.2f %s\n"
, $time_seconds / $interval->{INTERVAL}, $interval->{VALUE};
}
}
对此不太疯狂。您最好简单地创建一个
pretty_timesay pretty_time( $interval );
因为我以为我问了一个类似的问题（另外还涉及一个参考时间点），但我自己找不到答案了（也许它被删除了），我劫持了这个问题来呈现我的答案（2024 -07-16）。 它有点像一个工具包，因此您必须根据您的用例进行调整。
所以它作为一个自我测试模块出现，希望是正确的（不过你可能不喜欢这种风格）：
#!/usr/bin/perl
# written for SLES12 SP5 and PERL 5.18 by U. Windl in 2024
require 5.018_000;
use warnings;
use strict;
my $verbosity = 0; # verbosity
use constant REF_TYPE_CODE => 'CODE'; # ref type for code
# other constants
use constant SECS_PER_MIN => 60; # seconds per minute
use constant SECS_PER_HOUR => 60 * SECS_PER_MIN; # .. per hour
use constant SECS_PER_DAY => 24 * SECS_PER_HOUR; # .. per day
use constant SECS_PER_WEEK => 7 * SECS_PER_DAY; # .. per week
use constant _SECS_PER_MONTH => SECS_PER_DAY * 31; # inexact!
use constant _SECS_PER_YEAR => SECS_PER_DAY * 366; # inexact!
use constant MINS_PER_HOUR => 60; # minutes per hour
use constant HOURS_PER_DAY => 24; # hours per day (no DST!)
use constant MONTHS_PER_YEAR => 12; # months per year
# days in given month
use constant DAYS_IN_MONTH => [31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31,
31, 30, 31, 30, 31]; # days in month
use constant DURATION_UNITS => [
[_SECS_PER_YEAR, 'Y'],
[_SECS_PER_MONTH, 'm'],
[SECS_PER_WEEK, 'W'],
[SECS_PER_DAY, 'D'],
[0, 'T'], # special: time following
[SECS_PER_HOUR, 'H'],
[SECS_PER_MIN, 'M'],
[1, 'S']
];
# conditionally print verbose message
sub verbose($@)
{
my ($level, @args) = @_;
my $fh = $level <= 0 ? \*STDERR : \*STDOUT;
print $fh join(' ', "[$level]",
map {
my $r = ref($_);
(!$r || $r ne REF_TYPE_CODE) ? $_ : $_->();
}
@args), "\n"
if ($verbosity >= $level);
}
sub days_in_month($$)
{
my ($year, $mindex) = @_;
$mindex += 12, --$year
if ($mindex < 0); # previous month of January is December
return DAYS_IN_MONTH->[$mindex]
if ($mindex != 1 ||
!($year % 400 == 00 || ($year % 4 == 0 && $year % 100 != 0)));
return 29;
}
# days in given year
sub days_in_year($)
{
my $year = $_[0];
return 365 - DAYS_IN_MONTH->[1] + days_in_month($year, 1);
}
use POSIX qw(floor fmod);
# Duration as components skipping units larger than max_unit or units smaller
# than min_units. For durations exceeding one month the anchor is used as a
# calendar reference point
sub duration_components($;$$$)
{
my ($secs, $max_unit, $min_unit, $anchor) = @_;
my $sign = $secs >= 0 ? '+' : '-';
my @result = ($sign);
my $me = 'duration_components';
my $need_more = 1; # at least one unit must follow
if (defined $min_unit) { # convert name to number
my $v;
foreach (@{(DURATION_UNITS)}) {
if ($_->[1] eq $min_unit) {
$v = $_->[0];
last;
}
}
verbose(-1, "${me}:", 'unknown min_unit', $min_unit)
unless (defined $v);
$min_unit = $v;
}
$min_unit //= DURATION_UNITS->[-1]->[0];
if (defined $max_unit) { # convert name to number
my $v;
foreach (@{(DURATION_UNITS)}) {
if ($_->[1] eq $max_unit) {
$v = $_->[0];
last;
}
}
verbose(-1, "${me}:", 'unknown max_unit', $max_unit)
unless (defined $v);
$max_unit = $v;
}
$max_unit //= DURATION_UNITS->[0]->[0];
verbose(-1, "${me}:", 'inconsistent max_unit', $max_unit, 'and min_unit',
$min_unit)
unless ($min_unit <= $max_unit);
$secs = -$secs
if ($secs < 0);
if ($secs >= 4 * SECS_PER_WEEK) { # special handling for months and more
my (@tm0, @tm1);
my ($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year, $wday, $yday, $is_dst);
$anchor //= time();
verbose(5, "${me}:", "anchor=$anchor", "#secs=$secs",
sub () { scalar(localtime $anchor) });
@tm0 = localtime($anchor);
$sign = $sign eq '-' ? -1 : 1; # convert to number
$anchor += $sign * $secs;
verbose(6, "${me}:", "anchor=$anchor",
sub () { scalar(localtime $anchor) });
@tm1 = localtime($anchor);
# to preserve @tm1, put the difference in @tm0 ("a - b" is "-(b - a)")
foreach (0 .. 7) {
verbose(7, "${me}:", "\$tm0[$_]=$tm0[$_]", "\$tm1[$_]=$tm1[$_]");
$tm0[$_] -= $tm1[$_];
$tm0[$_] *= -$sign;
verbose(7, "${me}:", "\$tm0[$_]=$tm0[$_]");
}
($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year, $wday, $yday, $is_dst) = @tm0;
# handle "carry ripple"
verbose(6, "${me}:",
"($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$is_dst)",
"#secs=$secs");
if ($sec < 0) {
$sec += SECS_PER_MIN, --$min;
verbose(7, "${me}:", "#sec=$sec", "#min=$min");
}
if ($min < 0) {
$min += MINS_PER_HOUR, --$hour;
verbose(7, "${me}:", "#min=$min", "#hour=$hour");
}
if ($hour < 0) { # DST specialties 23h/25h ignored
$hour += HOURS_PER_DAY, --$mday;
verbose(7, "${me}:", "#hour=$hour", "#mday=$mday");
}
if ($mday < 0) {
$tm0[4] -= $sign; # one month less
$mday += days_in_month(1900 + $tm1[5], $tm1[4]), --$mon;
verbose(7, "${me}:", "#mday=$mday", "mon=$mon",
"year=$tm1[5]", "mon=$tm1[4]");
}
if ($mon < 0) {
$mon += MONTHS_PER_YEAR, --$year;
verbose(7, "${me}:", "#mon=$mon", "#year=$year");
}
verbose(5, "${me}:",
"($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$is_dst)",
"secs=$secs");
verbose(-1, "${me}: year underflow:",
"($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$is_dst)")
if ($year < 0);
if ($year > 0) {
if ($max_unit >= _SECS_PER_YEAR) {
my $m = $tm1[4]; # remember month
push(@result, [$year, 'Y']);
while ($year-- > 0) {
my $days;
--$tm1[5] # previous year
if ($sign > 0);
$days = days_in_year(1900 + $tm1[5]);
$secs -= SECS_PER_DAY * $days;
verbose(7, "${me}:",
"#year=$year", "#days=$days", "#secs=$secs",
"year=$tm1[5]");
++$tm1[5] # next year
if ($sign < 0);
}
if ($min_unit >= _SECS_PER_YEAR) {
my $n = floor(1000 * $secs / _SECS_PER_YEAR) / 1000;
verbose(6, "${me}:", 'adding', $n, 'for min_unit=Y');
$result[-1]->[0] += $n; # add remainder
$mon = $secs = 0; # force stop
}
} else {
$mon += 12 * $year;
verbose(7, "${me}:", "#mon=$mon", 'added', $year, 'years');
}
}
if ($mon > 0 && $max_unit >= _SECS_PER_MONTH) {
push(@result, [$mon, 'M']);
while ($mon > 0) {
if ($tm0[3] != 0) { # mday difference
my $days;
--$mon;
$tm1[4] -= $sign; # previous month
if ($tm1[4] < 0 || $tm1[4] > 11) {
$tm1[4] %= 12;
$tm1[5] -= $sign; # one year less
}
$days = days_in_month(1900 + $tm1[5], $tm1[4]);
$secs -= SECS_PER_DAY * $days;
verbose(7, "${me}:", "#mon=$mon", "#days=$days",
"#secs=$secs", "year=$tm1[5]", "mon=$tm1[4]");
} else {
$secs = $tm0[0] + SECS_PER_MIN * $tm0[1] +
SECS_PER_HOUR * $tm0[2];
verbose(7, "${me}:", "#secs=$secs", 'from',
"$tm0[2]H", "$tm0[1]M", "$tm0[0]S");
last;
}
}
if ($min_unit >= _SECS_PER_MONTH) {
my $n = floor(1000 * $secs / _SECS_PER_MONTH) / 1000;
verbose(6, "${me}:", 'adding', $n, 'for min_unit=m');
$result[-1]->[0] += $n; # add remainder
$secs = 0; # force stop
}
}
verbose(5, "${me}:", "year=$tm1[5]", "mon=$tm1[4]", "#secs=$secs");
$need_more = 0
if ($secs == 0);
$max_unit = SECS_PER_WEEK
if ($max_unit > SECS_PER_WEEK); # skip years and months
$min_unit = SECS_PER_WEEK
if ($min_unit > SECS_PER_WEEK); # skip years and months
}
foreach (@{(DURATION_UNITS)}) {
my ($duration, $unit) = @$_;
if ($duration <= $max_unit) {
my $last_unit = ($duration == $min_unit);
if ($duration == 0) { # handle special time separator
push(@result, ['', $unit])
if ($need_more); # only if something will follow
} elsif ($secs >= $duration || $last_unit) {
unless ($last_unit) {
my $n = floor($secs / $duration);
push(@result, [$n, $unit]);
$secs = fmod($secs, $duration);
$need_more = 0
if ($secs == 0);
} elsif ($secs > 0 || $need_more) {
my $n = floor(1000 * $secs / $duration) / 1000;
push(@result, [$n, $unit]);
$secs = 0;
last;
}
} # else omit zero units
}
}
verbose(-1, "${me}:", 'failed', $secs, 'for max_unit', $max_unit,
'and min_unit', $min_unit)
unless ($#result > 0 && $secs == 0);
return @result;
}
# duration in ISO 8601 format
sub ISO_duration($;$$$)
{
my ($secs, $max_unit, $min_unit, $anchor) = @_;
my @result = duration_components($secs, $max_unit, $min_unit, $anchor);
my $result = shift(@result) eq '+' ? 'P' : '-P';
$result .= join('', map { @$_ } @result);
return $result;
}
my @tests;
BEGIN {
@tests = (
[0, 'PT0S'],
[1, 'PT1S'],
[-1, '-PT1S'],
[SECS_PER_MIN, 'PT1M'],
[SECS_PER_HOUR, 'PT1H'],
[SECS_PER_DAY, 'P1D'],
[SECS_PER_WEEK, 'P1W'],
[SECS_PER_MIN + 1, 'PT1M1S'],
[SECS_PER_HOUR + SECS_PER_MIN + 1, 'PT1H1M1S'],
[SECS_PER_DAY + SECS_PER_HOUR + SECS_PER_MIN + 1, 'P1DT1H1M1S'],
[SECS_PER_WEEK+ SECS_PER_DAY + SECS_PER_HOUR + SECS_PER_MIN + 1,
'P1W1DT1H1M1S'],
[SECS_PER_MIN, 'PT60S', 'S'],
[SECS_PER_HOUR, 'PT60M', 'M'],
[SECS_PER_HOUR + 1, 'PT60M1S', 'M'],
[SECS_PER_HOUR + 1, 'PT60.016M', 'M', 'M'],
[SECS_PER_DAY, 'PT24H', 'H'],
[SECS_PER_WEEK, 'P7D', 'D'],
# 946681200 = Sat Jan 1 00:00:00 2000 (CEST)
[SECS_PER_DAY * 31, 'P1M', undef, undef, 946681200],
[SECS_PER_DAY * -31, '-P1M', undef, undef, 946681200],
[SECS_PER_DAY * (365 * 3 + 1), 'P3Y', undef, undef, 946681200],
[SECS_PER_DAY * (-365 * 3), '-P3Y', undef, undef, 946681200],
[SECS_PER_DAY * (days_in_month(2000, 0) + days_in_month(2000, 1) +
days_in_month(2000, 2) + days_in_month(2000, 3) +
days_in_month(2000, 4) + days_in_month(2000, 5) +
days_in_month(2000, 6) + days_in_month(2000, 7) +
days_in_month(2000, 8) + days_in_month(2000, 9) +
days_in_month(2000, 10) + days_in_month(2000, 11) +
days_in_month(2001, 0)) +
SECS_PER_WEEK + SECS_PER_DAY + SECS_PER_HOUR + SECS_PER_MIN + 1,
'P1Y1M1W1DT1H1M1S', undef, undef, 946681200],
[34995661, 'P1Y1M1W1DT1H1M1S', 'Y', undef, 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'P13M1W1DT1H1M1S', 'm', undef, 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'P57W6DT1H1M1S', 'W', undef, 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'P405DT1H1M1S', 'D', undef, 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'PT9721H1M1S', 'H', undef, 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'PT583261M1S', 'M', undef, 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'PT34995661S', 'S', undef, 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'P1.106Y', 'Y', 'Y', 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'P1Y1.259M', 'Y', 'm', 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'P1Y1M1.148W', 'Y', 'W', 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'P1Y1M1W1.042D', 'Y', 'D', 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'P1Y1M1W1DT1.016H', 'Y', 'H', 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'P1Y1M1W1DT1H1.016M', 'Y', 'M', 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'P1Y1M1W1DT1H1M1S', 'Y', 'S', 946681200], # as above
[34995661, 'P57W6DT1.016H', 'W', 'H', 946681200], # as above
[-(SECS_PER_DAY * (days_in_month(1999, 11) + days_in_month(1999, 10) +
days_in_month(1999, 9) + days_in_month(1999, 8) +
days_in_month(1999, 7) + days_in_month(1999, 6) +
days_in_month(1999, 5) + days_in_month(1999, 4) +
days_in_month(1999, 3) + days_in_month(1999, 2) +
days_in_month(1999, 1) + days_in_month(1999, 0) +
days_in_month(1998, 11)) +
SECS_PER_WEEK + SECS_PER_DAY + SECS_PER_HOUR + SECS_PER_MIN + 1),
'-P1Y1M1W1DT1H1M1S', undef, undef, 946681200],
# 951865200 = Wed Mar 1 00:00:00 2000 (CEST)
[SECS_PER_DAY * 31, 'P1MT1H', undef, undef, 951865200], # DST switch!
# 1234567890 = Sat Feb 14 00:31:30 2009 (CEST)
[SECS_PER_DAY * 14, 'P2W', undef, undef, 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * 28, 'P1M', undef, undef, 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * -28, '-P4W', undef, undef, 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * -31, '-P1M', undef, undef, 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * -31 - 30, '-P1MT30S', undef, undef, 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * -31 - 30, '-P1MT0.5M', undef, 'M', 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * 365, 'P1Y', undef, undef, 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * 365, 'P12M', 'm', undef, 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * -365, '-P11M4W', undef, undef, 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * 3650 + SECS_PER_HOUR * 6 + SECS_PER_MIN * 6 + 15,
'P9Y11M3W5DT6H6M15S', undef, undef, 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * 3650 + SECS_PER_HOUR * 6 + SECS_PER_MIN * 6,
'P9Y11M3W5DT6.1H', undef, 'H', 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * 3650 + SECS_PER_HOUR * 6, 'P9Y11M3W5.25D',
undef, 'D', 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * 365 + SECS_PER_HOUR * 6, 'P12M0.25D',
'm', 'D', 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * 364 + SECS_PER_HOUR * 6, 'P52W0.25D',
'W', 'D', 1234567890],
[SECS_PER_DAY * 367.5, 'P52.5W', 'W', 'W', 1234567890],
[-79682500, '-P2Y6M1W3DT6H1M40S', undef, undef, 1721050231],
);
}
$verbosity = 5;
use Test::More tests => scalar(@tests);
foreach (@tests) {
my ($in, $out, $max, $min, $anchor) = @$_;
is(ISO_duration($in, $max, $min, $anchor), $out);
}
done_testing();
在实际应用程序中，您可以从结果数组中创建类似
1 year, 9 months, 2 weeks, and 2.958 days ago如果您不需要最小和最大持续时间，您可以显着简化算法。
如果您发现任何错误，请随时报告。