我重命名了一个python类,它是库的一部分。我愿意暂时使用其以前的名称,但是想警告用户它已被弃用,将来会被删除。
我认为,为了提供向后兼容性,使用类似的别名就足够了:
class NewClsName:
pass
OldClsName = NewClsName
我不知道如何以优雅的方式将OldClsName
标记为已弃用。也许我可以让OldClsName
发出一个警告(记录)并从其参数构建NewClsName
对象的函数(使用*args
和**kvargs
),但它看起来不够优雅(或者它可能是?)。
但是,我不知道Python标准库弃用警告是如何工作的。我想可能有一些很好的魔术来处理弃用,例如允许将其视为错误或静默,具体取决于某些解释器的命令行选项。
问题是:如何警告用户使用过时的类别名(或一般的过时类)。
编辑:函数方法对我不起作用(我已经尝试过了)因为类有一些类方法(工厂方法),当OldClsName
被定义为函数时无法调用。以下代码不起作用:
class NewClsName(object):
@classmethod
def CreateVariant1( cls, ... ):
pass
@classmethod
def CreateVariant2( cls, ... ):
pass
def OldClsName(*args, **kwargs):
warnings.warn("The 'OldClsName' class was renamed [...]",
DeprecationWarning )
return NewClsName(*args, **kwargs)
OldClsName.CreateVariant1( ... )
因为:
AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute 'CreateVariant1'
继承是我唯一的选择吗?说实话,它对我来说看起来不太干净 - 它通过引入不必要的派生来影响类层次结构。另外,OldClsName is not NewClsName
在大多数情况下什么不是问题,但在使用该库的代码编写不好的情况下可能是一个问题。
我还可以创建一个虚拟的,无关的OldClsName
类,并为其中的所有类方法实现构造函数和包装器,但在我看来,这是更糟糕的解决方案。
也许我可以使OldClsName成为一个发出警告(记录)并从其参数构造NewClsName对象的函数(使用* args和** kvargs),但它看起来不够优雅(或者它可能是?)。
是的,我认为这是非常标准的做法:
def OldClsName(*args, **kwargs):
from warnings import warn
warn("get with the program!")
return NewClsName(*args, **kwargs)
唯一棘手的事情是如果你有来自OldClsName
的子类 - 那么我们必须变得聪明。如果您只需要继续访问类方法,那么应该这样做:
class DeprecationHelper(object):
def __init__(self, new_target):
self.new_target = new_target
def _warn(self):
from warnings import warn
warn("Get with the program!")
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self._warn()
return self.new_target(*args, **kwargs)
def __getattr__(self, attr):
self._warn()
return getattr(self.new_target, attr)
OldClsName = DeprecationHelper(NewClsName)
我没有测试它,但是这应该给你的想法 - __call__
将处理正常的瞬时路线,__getattr__
将捕获对类方法的访问并仍然生成警告,而不会弄乱你的类heirarchy。
请看看warnings.warn
。
如您所见,文档中的示例是弃用警告:
def deprecation(message):
warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
你为什么不只是分类?这样就不会破坏用户代码。
class OldClsName(NewClsName):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
warnings.warn("The 'OldClsName' class was renamed [...]",
DeprecationWarning)
NewClsName.__init__(*args, **kwargs)
以下是解决方案应满足的要求列表:
isinstance
和issubclass
检查这可以通过自定义元类实现:
class DeprecatedClassMeta(type):
def __new__(cls, name, bases, classdict, *args, **kwargs):
alias = classdict.get('_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias')
if alias is not None:
def new(cls, *args, **kwargs):
alias = getattr(cls, '_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias')
if alias is not None:
warn("{} has been renamed to {}, the alias will be "
"removed in the future".format(cls.__name__,
alias.__name__), DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
return alias(*args, **kwargs)
classdict['__new__'] = new
classdict['_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias'] = alias
fixed_bases = []
for b in bases:
alias = getattr(b, '_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias', None)
if alias is not None:
warn("{} has been renamed to {}, the alias will be "
"removed in the future".format(b.__name__,
alias.__name__), DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
# Avoid duplicate base classes.
b = alias or b
if b not in fixed_bases:
fixed_bases.append(b)
fixed_bases = tuple(fixed_bases)
return super().__new__(cls, name, fixed_bases, classdict,
*args, **kwargs)
def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
return any(cls.__subclasscheck__(c)
for c in {type(instance), instance.__class__})
def __subclasscheck__(cls, subclass):
if subclass is cls:
return True
else:
return issubclass(subclass, getattr(cls,
'_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias'))
DeprecatedClassMeta.__new__
方法不仅被称为一个类,它是一个元类,也适用于该类的每个子类。这样就有机会确保DeprecatedClass
的实例不会被实例化或子类化。
实例化很简单。元类优先于__new__
的DeprecatedClass
方法总是返回NewClass
的实例。
子类化并不难。 DeprecatedClassMeta.__new__
收到一个基类列表,需要用DeprecatedClass
替换NewClass
的实例。
最后,isinstance
和issubclass
检查是通过在__instancecheck__
中定义的__subclasscheck__
和PEP 3119实现的。
class NewClass:
foo = 1
class NewClassSubclass(NewClass):
pass
class DeprecatedClass(metaclass=DeprecatedClassMeta):
_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias = NewClass
class DeprecatedClassSubclass(DeprecatedClass):
foo = 2
class DeprecatedClassSubSubclass(DeprecatedClassSubclass):
foo = 3
assert issubclass(DeprecatedClass, DeprecatedClass)
assert issubclass(DeprecatedClassSubclass, DeprecatedClass)
assert issubclass(DeprecatedClassSubSubclass, DeprecatedClass)
assert issubclass(NewClass, DeprecatedClass)
assert issubclass(NewClassSubclass, DeprecatedClass)
assert issubclass(DeprecatedClassSubclass, NewClass)
assert issubclass(DeprecatedClassSubSubclass, NewClass)
assert isinstance(DeprecatedClass(), DeprecatedClass)
assert isinstance(DeprecatedClassSubclass(), DeprecatedClass)
assert isinstance(DeprecatedClassSubSubclass(), DeprecatedClass)
assert isinstance(NewClass(), DeprecatedClass)
assert isinstance(NewClassSubclass(), DeprecatedClass)
assert isinstance(DeprecatedClassSubclass(), NewClass)
assert isinstance(DeprecatedClassSubSubclass(), NewClass)
assert NewClass().foo == 1
assert DeprecatedClass().foo == 1
assert DeprecatedClassSubclass().foo == 2
assert DeprecatedClassSubSubclass().foo == 3
在python> = 3.6中,您可以轻松处理子类化的警告:
class OldClassName(NewClassName):
def __init_subclass__(self):
warn("Class has been renamed NewClassName", DeprecationWarning, 2)
重载__new__
应该允许你在直接调用旧类构造函数时发出警告,但我没有测试过,因为我现在不需要它。
使用inspect
模块为OldClass
添加占位符,然后OldClsName is NewClsName
检查将通过,并且像pylint这样的linter将通知此错误。
deprecate.朋友
import inspect
import warnings
from functools import wraps
def renamed(old_name):
"""Return decorator for renamed callable.
Args:
old_name (str): This name will still accessible,
but call it will result a warn.
Returns:
decorator: this will do the setting about `old_name`
in the caller's module namespace.
"""
def _wrap(obj):
assert callable(obj)
def _warn():
warnings.warn('Renamed: {} -> {}'
.format(old_name, obj.__name__),
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
def _wrap_with_warn(func, is_inspect):
@wraps(func)
def _func(*args, **kwargs):
if is_inspect:
# XXX: If use another name to call,
# you will not get the warning.
frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back
code = inspect.getframeinfo(frame).code_context
if [line for line in code
if old_name in line]:
_warn()
else:
_warn()
return func(*args, **kwargs)
return _func
# Make old name available.
frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back
assert old_name not in frame.f_globals, (
'Name already in use.', old_name)
if inspect.isclass(obj):
obj.__init__ = _wrap_with_warn(obj.__init__, True)
placeholder = obj
else:
placeholder = _wrap_with_warn(obj, False)
frame.f_globals[old_name] = placeholder
return obj
return _wrap
test.朋友
from __future__ import print_function
from deprecate import renamed
@renamed('test1_old')
def test1():
return 'test1'
@renamed('Test2_old')
class Test2(object):
pass
def __init__(self):
self.data = 'test2_data'
def method(self):
return self.data
# pylint: disable=undefined-variable
# If not use this inline pylint option,
# there will be E0602 for each old name.
assert(test1() == test1_old())
assert(Test2_old is Test2)
print('# Call new name')
print(Test2())
print('# Call old name')
print(Test2_old())
然后运行python -W all test.py
:
test.py:22: DeprecationWarning: Renamed: test1_old -> test1
# Call new name
<__main__.Test2 object at 0x0000000007A147B8>
# Call old name
test.py:27: DeprecationWarning: Renamed: Test2_old -> Test2
<__main__.Test2 object at 0x0000000007A147B8>
从Python 3.7开始,您可以使用__getattr__
(和__dir__
)提供模块属性访问的自定义。一切都在PEP 562解释。在下面的示例中,我实现了__getattr__
和__dir__
以弃用“OldClsName”而转而使用“NewClsNam”:
# your_lib.py
import warnings
__all__ = ["NewClsName"]
DEPRECATED_NAMES = [('OldClsName', 'NewClsName')]
class NewClsName:
@classmethod
def create_variant1(cls):
return cls()
def __getattr__(name):
for old_name, new_name in DEPRECATED_NAMES:
if name == old_name:
warnings.warn(f"The '{old_name}' class or function is renamed '{new_name}'",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2)
return globals()[new_name]
raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__} has no attribute {name}")
def __dir__():
return sorted(__all__ + [names[0] for names in DEPRECATED_NAMES])
在__getattr__
函数中,如果找到已弃用的类或函数名称,则会发出警告消息,显示调用者的源文件和行号(使用stacklevel=2
)。
在用户代码中,我们可以:
# your_lib_usage.py
from your_lib import NewClsName
from your_lib import OldClsName
def use_new_class():
obj = NewClsName.create_variant1()
print(obj.__class__.__name__ + " is created in use_new_class")
def use_old_class():
obj = OldClsName.create_variant1()
print(obj.__class__.__name__ + " is created in use_old_class")
if __name__ == '__main__':
use_new_class()
use_old_class()
当用户运行他的脚本your_lib_usage.py
时,它会得到这样的结果:
NewClsName is created in use_new_class
NewClsName is created in use_old_class
/path/to/your_lib_usage.py:3: DeprecationWarning: The 'OldClsName' class or function is renamed 'NewClsName'
from your_lib import OldClsName
注意:堆栈跟踪通常用STDERR编写。
要查看错误警告,您可能需要在Python命令行中添加“-W”标志,例如:
python -W always your_lib_usage.py