如何警告类(名称)弃用

问题描述 投票:41回答:7

我重命名了一个python类,它是库的一部分。我愿意暂时使用其以前的名称,但是想警告用户它已被弃用,将来会被删除。

我认为,为了提供向后兼容性,使用类似的别名就足够了:

class NewClsName:
    pass

OldClsName = NewClsName

我不知道如何以优雅的方式将OldClsName标记为已弃用。也许我可以让OldClsName发出一个警告(记录)并从其参数构建NewClsName对象的函数(使用*args**kvargs),但它看起来不够优雅(或者它可能是?)。

但是,我不知道Python标准库弃用警告是如何工作的。我想可能有一些很好的魔术来处理弃用,例如允许将其视为错误或静默,具体取决于某些解释器的命令行选项。

问题是:如何警告用户使用过时的类别名(或一般的过时类)。

编辑:函数方法对我不起作用(我已经尝试过了)因为类有一些类方法(工厂方法),当OldClsName被定义为函数时无法调用。以下代码不起作用:

class NewClsName(object):
    @classmethod
    def CreateVariant1( cls, ... ):
        pass

    @classmethod
    def CreateVariant2( cls, ... ):
        pass

def OldClsName(*args, **kwargs):
    warnings.warn("The 'OldClsName' class was renamed [...]",
                  DeprecationWarning )
    return NewClsName(*args, **kwargs)

OldClsName.CreateVariant1( ... )

因为:

AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute 'CreateVariant1'

继承是我唯一的选择吗?说实话,它对我来说看起来不太干净 - 它通过引入不必要的派生来影响类层次结构。另外,OldClsName is not NewClsName在大多数情况下什么不是问题,但在使用该库的代码编写不好的情况下可能是一个问题。

我还可以创建一个虚拟的,无关的OldClsName类,并为其中的所有类方法实现构造函数和包装器,但在我看来,这是更糟糕的解决方案。

python class backwards-compatibility deprecation-warning
7个回答
31
投票

也许我可以使OldClsName成为一个发出警告(记录)并从其参数构造NewClsName对象的函数(使用* args和** kvargs),但它看起来不够优雅(或者它可能是?)。

是的,我认为这是非常标准的做法:

def OldClsName(*args, **kwargs):
    from warnings import warn
    warn("get with the program!")
    return NewClsName(*args, **kwargs)

唯一棘手的事情是如果你有来自OldClsName的子类 - 那么我们必须变得聪明。如果您只需要继续访问类方法,那么应该这样做:

class DeprecationHelper(object):
    def __init__(self, new_target):
        self.new_target = new_target

    def _warn(self):
        from warnings import warn
        warn("Get with the program!")

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self._warn()
        return self.new_target(*args, **kwargs)

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        self._warn()
        return getattr(self.new_target, attr)

OldClsName = DeprecationHelper(NewClsName)

我没有测试它,但是这应该给你的想法 - __call__将处理正常的瞬时路线,__getattr__将捕获对类方法的访问并仍然生成警告,而不会弄乱你的类heirarchy。


13
投票

请看看warnings.warn

如您所见,文档中的示例是弃用警告:

def deprecation(message):
    warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

4
投票

你为什么不只是分类?这样就不会破坏用户代码。

class OldClsName(NewClsName):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        warnings.warn("The 'OldClsName' class was renamed [...]",
                      DeprecationWarning)
        NewClsName.__init__(*args, **kwargs)

2
投票

以下是解决方案应满足的要求列表:

  • 不推荐使用的类的实例化应该引发警告
  • 对已弃用的类进行子类化应该会发出警告
  • 支持isinstanceissubclass检查

这可以通过自定义元类实现:

class DeprecatedClassMeta(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, classdict, *args, **kwargs):
        alias = classdict.get('_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias')

        if alias is not None:
            def new(cls, *args, **kwargs):
                alias = getattr(cls, '_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias')

                if alias is not None:
                    warn("{} has been renamed to {}, the alias will be "
                         "removed in the future".format(cls.__name__,
                             alias.__name__), DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

                return alias(*args, **kwargs)

            classdict['__new__'] = new
            classdict['_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias'] = alias

        fixed_bases = []

        for b in bases:
            alias = getattr(b, '_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias', None)

            if alias is not None:
                warn("{} has been renamed to {}, the alias will be "
                     "removed in the future".format(b.__name__,
                         alias.__name__), DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

            # Avoid duplicate base classes.
            b = alias or b
            if b not in fixed_bases:
                fixed_bases.append(b)

        fixed_bases = tuple(fixed_bases)

        return super().__new__(cls, name, fixed_bases, classdict,
                               *args, **kwargs)

    def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
        return any(cls.__subclasscheck__(c)
            for c in {type(instance), instance.__class__})

    def __subclasscheck__(cls, subclass):
        if subclass is cls:
            return True
        else:
            return issubclass(subclass, getattr(cls,
                              '_DeprecatedClassMeta__alias'))

说明

DeprecatedClassMeta.__new__方法不仅被称为一个类,它是一个元类,也适用于该类的每个子类。这样就有机会确保DeprecatedClass的实例不会被实例化或子类化。

实例化很简单。元类优先于__new__DeprecatedClass方法总是返回NewClass的实例。

子类化并不难。 DeprecatedClassMeta.__new__收到一个基类列表,需要用DeprecatedClass替换NewClass的实例。

最后,isinstanceissubclass检查是通过在__instancecheck__中定义的__subclasscheck__PEP 3119实现的。


测试

class NewClass:
    foo = 1


class NewClassSubclass(NewClass):
    pass


class DeprecatedClass(metaclass=DeprecatedClassMeta):
    _DeprecatedClassMeta__alias = NewClass


class DeprecatedClassSubclass(DeprecatedClass):
    foo = 2


class DeprecatedClassSubSubclass(DeprecatedClassSubclass):
    foo = 3


assert issubclass(DeprecatedClass, DeprecatedClass)
assert issubclass(DeprecatedClassSubclass, DeprecatedClass)
assert issubclass(DeprecatedClassSubSubclass, DeprecatedClass)
assert issubclass(NewClass, DeprecatedClass)
assert issubclass(NewClassSubclass, DeprecatedClass)

assert issubclass(DeprecatedClassSubclass, NewClass)
assert issubclass(DeprecatedClassSubSubclass, NewClass)

assert isinstance(DeprecatedClass(), DeprecatedClass)
assert isinstance(DeprecatedClassSubclass(), DeprecatedClass)
assert isinstance(DeprecatedClassSubSubclass(), DeprecatedClass)
assert isinstance(NewClass(), DeprecatedClass)
assert isinstance(NewClassSubclass(), DeprecatedClass)

assert isinstance(DeprecatedClassSubclass(), NewClass)
assert isinstance(DeprecatedClassSubSubclass(), NewClass)

assert NewClass().foo == 1
assert DeprecatedClass().foo == 1
assert DeprecatedClassSubclass().foo == 2
assert DeprecatedClassSubSubclass().foo == 3

2
投票

在python> = 3.6中,您可以轻松处理子类化的警告:

class OldClassName(NewClassName):
    def __init_subclass__(self):
        warn("Class has been renamed NewClassName", DeprecationWarning, 2)

重载__new__应该允许你在直接调用旧类构造函数时发出警告,但我没有测试过,因为我现在不需要它。


1
投票

使用inspect模块为OldClass添加占位符,然后OldClsName is NewClsName检查将通过,并且像pylint这样的linter将通知此错误。

deprecate.朋友

import inspect
import warnings
from functools import wraps

def renamed(old_name):
    """Return decorator for renamed callable.

    Args:
        old_name (str): This name will still accessible,
            but call it will result a warn.

    Returns:
        decorator: this will do the setting about `old_name`
            in the caller's module namespace.
    """

    def _wrap(obj):
        assert callable(obj)

        def _warn():
            warnings.warn('Renamed: {} -> {}'
                        .format(old_name, obj.__name__),
                        DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)

        def _wrap_with_warn(func, is_inspect):
            @wraps(func)
            def _func(*args, **kwargs):
                if is_inspect:
                    # XXX: If use another name to call,
                    # you will not get the warning.
                    frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back
                    code = inspect.getframeinfo(frame).code_context
                    if [line for line in code
                            if old_name in line]:
                        _warn()
                else:
                    _warn()
                return func(*args, **kwargs)
            return _func

        # Make old name available.
        frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back
        assert old_name not in frame.f_globals, (
            'Name already in use.', old_name)

        if inspect.isclass(obj):
            obj.__init__ = _wrap_with_warn(obj.__init__, True)
            placeholder = obj
        else:
            placeholder = _wrap_with_warn(obj, False)

        frame.f_globals[old_name] = placeholder

        return obj

    return _wrap

test.朋友

from __future__ import print_function

from deprecate import renamed


@renamed('test1_old')
def test1():
    return 'test1'


@renamed('Test2_old')
class Test2(object):
    pass

    def __init__(self):
        self.data = 'test2_data'

    def method(self):
        return self.data

# pylint: disable=undefined-variable
# If not use this inline pylint option, 
# there will be E0602 for each old name.
assert(test1() == test1_old())
assert(Test2_old is Test2)
print('# Call new name')
print(Test2())
print('# Call old name')
print(Test2_old())

然后运行python -W all test.py

test.py:22: DeprecationWarning: Renamed: test1_old -> test1
# Call new name
<__main__.Test2 object at 0x0000000007A147B8>
# Call old name
test.py:27: DeprecationWarning: Renamed: Test2_old -> Test2
<__main__.Test2 object at 0x0000000007A147B8>

0
投票

从Python 3.7开始,您可以使用__getattr__(和__dir__)提供模块属性访问的自定义。一切都在PEP 562解释。在下面的示例中,我实现了__getattr____dir__以弃用“OldClsName”而转而使用“NewClsNam”:

# your_lib.py

import warnings

__all__ = ["NewClsName"]

DEPRECATED_NAMES = [('OldClsName', 'NewClsName')]


class NewClsName:
    @classmethod
    def create_variant1(cls):
        return cls()


def __getattr__(name):
    for old_name, new_name in DEPRECATED_NAMES:
        if name == old_name:
            warnings.warn(f"The '{old_name}' class or function is renamed '{new_name}'",
                          DeprecationWarning,
                          stacklevel=2)
            return globals()[new_name]
    raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__} has no attribute {name}")


def __dir__():
    return sorted(__all__ + [names[0] for names in DEPRECATED_NAMES])

__getattr__函数中,如果找到已弃用的类或函数名称,则会发出警告消息,显示调用者的源文件和行号(使用stacklevel=2)。

在用户代码中,我们可以:

# your_lib_usage.py
from your_lib import NewClsName
from your_lib import OldClsName


def use_new_class():
    obj = NewClsName.create_variant1()
    print(obj.__class__.__name__ + " is created in use_new_class")


def use_old_class():
    obj = OldClsName.create_variant1()
    print(obj.__class__.__name__ + " is created in use_old_class")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    use_new_class()
    use_old_class()

当用户运行他的脚本your_lib_usage.py时,它会得到这样的结果:

NewClsName is created in use_new_class
NewClsName is created in use_old_class
/path/to/your_lib_usage.py:3: DeprecationWarning: The 'OldClsName' class or function is renamed 'NewClsName'
  from your_lib import OldClsName

注意:堆栈跟踪通常用STDERR编写。

要查看错误警告,您可能需要在Python命令行中添加“-W”标志,例如:

python -W always your_lib_usage.py
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