通过3D表面绘制2D平面

问题描述 投票:7回答:1

我正在尝试使用Numpy和Matplotlib可视化2D平面切割3D图形来解释偏导数的直觉。

具体来说,我使用的函数是J(θ1,θ2)=θ1^ 2 +θ2^ 2,我想在θ2= 0处绘制θ1-J(θ1,θ2)平面。

我设法使用下面的代码绘制2D平面,但2D平面和3D图形的叠加不太正确,2D平面略微偏离,因为我希望平面看起来像在θ2处切割3D = 0。

如果我可以借鉴你的专业知识,那将是很好的,谢谢。

    def f(theta1, theta2):
        return theta1**2 + theta2**2

    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6), 
                           subplot_kw={'projection': '3d'})

    x,z = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-1,1,100), np.linspace(0,2,100))
    X = x.T
    Z = z.T
    Y = 0 * np.ones((100, 100))
    ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z)

    r = np.linspace(-1,1,100)
    theta1_grid, theta2_grid = np.meshgrid(r,r)
    J_grid = f(theta1_grid, theta2_grid)
    ax.contour3D(theta1_grid,theta2_grid,J_grid,500,cmap='binary')

    ax.set_xlabel(r'$\theta_1$',fontsize='large')
    ax.set_ylabel(r'$\theta_2$',fontsize='large')
    ax.set_zlabel(r'$J(\theta_1,\theta_2)$',fontsize='large')
    ax.set_title(r'Fig.2 $J(\theta_1,\theta_2)=(\theta_1^2+\theta_2^2)$',fontsize='x-large')

    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

这是代码输出的图像:

plot showing a parabolic surface with a vertical plane weirdly superimposed on it

python numpy matplotlib 3d
1个回答
9
投票

作为@ImportanceOfBeingErnest noted in a comment,你的代码很好,但是matplotlib有一个2d引擎,所以3d图很容易显示出奇怪的文物。特别是,一次渲染一个对象,因此两个3d对象通常完全在彼此的前面或完全在后面,这使得使用matplotlib几乎不可能看到互锁的3d对象。

我个人的另类建议是mayavi(令人难以置信的灵活性和可视化,相当陡峭的学习曲线),但我想展示一个技巧,通常可以完全消除问题。我们的想法是使用表面之间的隐形桥将两个独立的对象转换为单个对象。该方法的可能缺点是

  1. 你需要将两个表面都绘制成曲面而不是contour3D
  2. 输出很大程度上依赖于透明度,所以你需要一个可以处理它的后端。

免责声明:我从now-defunct Stack Overflow Documentation project的matplotlib主题的贡献者那里学到了这个技巧,但不幸的是我不记得那个用户是谁。

为了将这个技巧用于你的用例,我们基本上必须把那个contour3D调用另一个plot_surface。我不认为这总体上是那么糟糕;你可能需要重新考虑切割平面的密度,如果你看到生成的图形有太多的面孔供交互使用。我们还必须明确定义逐点色彩图,其alpha通道为两个表面之间的透明桥提供支持。由于我们需要将两个表面缝合在一起,因此表面的至少一个“平面内”尺寸必须匹配;在这种情况下,我确保“y”中的点在两种情况下是相同的。

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

def f(theta1, theta2):
    return theta1**2 + theta2**2

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6),
                       subplot_kw={'projection': '3d'})

# plane data: X, Y, Z, C (first three shaped (nx,ny), last one shaped (nx,ny,4))
x,z = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-1,1,100), np.linspace(0,2,100)) # <-- you can probably reduce these sizes
X = x.T
Z = z.T
Y = 0 * np.ones((100, 100))
# colormap for the plane: need shape (nx,ny,4) for RGBA values
C = np.full(X.shape + (4,), [0,0,0.5,1]) # dark blue plane, fully opaque

# surface data: theta1_grid, theta2_grid, J_grid, CJ (shaped (nx',ny) or (nx',ny,4))
r = np.linspace(-1,1,X.shape[1]) # <-- we are going to stitch the surface along the y dimension, sizes have to match
theta1_grid, theta2_grid = np.meshgrid(r,r)
J_grid = f(theta1_grid, theta2_grid)
# colormap for the surface; scale data to between 0 and 1 for scaling
CJ = plt.get_cmap('binary')((J_grid - J_grid.min())/J_grid.ptp())

# construct a common dataset with an invisible bridge, shape (2,ny) or (2,ny,4)
X_bridge = np.vstack([X[-1,:],theta1_grid[0,:]])
Y_bridge = np.vstack([Y[-1,:],theta2_grid[0,:]])
Z_bridge = np.vstack([Z[-1,:],J_grid[0,:]])
C_bridge = np.full(Z_bridge.shape + (4,), [1,1,1,0]) # 0 opacity == transparent; probably needs a backend that supports transparency!

# join the datasets
X_surf = np.vstack([X,X_bridge,theta1_grid])
Y_surf = np.vstack([Y,Y_bridge,theta2_grid])
Z_surf = np.vstack([Z,Z_bridge,J_grid])
C_surf = np.vstack([C,C_bridge,CJ])

# plot the joint datasets as a single surface, pass colors explicitly, set strides to 1
ax.plot_surface(X_surf, Y_surf, Z_surf, facecolors=C_surf, rstride=1, cstride=1)

ax.set_xlabel(r'$\theta_1$',fontsize='large')
ax.set_ylabel(r'$\theta_2$',fontsize='large')
ax.set_zlabel(r'$J(\theta_1,\theta_2)$',fontsize='large')
ax.set_title(r'Fig.2 $J(\theta_1,\theta_2)=(\theta_1^2+\theta_2^2)$',fontsize='x-large')

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

结果来自两个角度:

result 1, default view; all's fine and well result 2; still all's fine and well

如你所见,结果相当不错。您可以开始使用曲面的各个透明度来查看是否可以使横截面更清晰可见。您还可以将桥的不透明度切换为1,以查看曲面实际拼接在一起的方式。总而言之,我们必须做的是获取现有数据,确保它们的大小匹配,并定义明确的色彩映射和表面之间的辅助桥接。

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