JavaScript 通过引用与通过值 [重复]

问题描述 投票:0回答:4

我正在寻找一些很好的综合阅读材料,了解 JavaScript 何时按值传递某些内容,何时按引用传递以及修改传递的项目何时影响函数外部的值以及何时不影响。我还对通过引用还是通过值分配给另一个变量感兴趣,以及它是否遵循与作为函数参数传递不同的规则。

我已经做了很多搜索,找到了很多具体的例子(其中很多都在 SO 上),我可以从中开始拼凑出真正的规则,但我还没有找到一个写得很好的文档描述了这一切。

此外,语言中是否有方法可以控制某些内容是通过引用还是通过值传递?

下面是一些我想了解的题型。这些只是例子——我实际上是想了解语言所遵循的规则,而不仅仅是特定例子的答案。但是,这里有一些例子:

function f(a,b,c) {
   a = 3;
   b.push("foo");
   c.first = false;
}

var x = 4;
var y = ["eeny", "miny", "mo"];
var z = {first: true};
f(x,y,z);

对于所有不同的类型,什么时候 x、y 和 z 的内容在 f 的范围之外发生变化?

function f() {
    var a = ["1", "2", "3"];
    var b = a[1];
    a[1] = "4";
    // what is the value of b now for all possible data types that the array in "a" might hold?
}

function f() {
    var a = [{yellow: "blue"}, {red: "cyan"}, {green: "magenta"}];
    var b = a[1];
    a[1].red = "tan";
    // what is the value of b now and why?
    b.red = "black";
    // did the value of a[1].red change when I assigned to b.red?
}

如果我想制作一个完全独立的对象副本(没有任何引用),最佳实践方法是什么?

javascript reference pass-by-reference pass-by-value
4个回答
714
投票

我的理解是这个其实很简单:

  • Javascript always 按值传递,但是当变量引用对象(包括数组)时,“值”是对该对象的引用。
  • 改变一个变量的值never改变底层的原语或对象,它只是将变量指向一个新的原语或对象。
  • 但是,更改变量引用的对象的 property 确实会更改基础对象。

所以,通过你的一些例子来工作:

function f(a,b,c) {
    // Argument a is re-assigned to a new value.
    // The object or primitive referenced by the original a is unchanged.
    a = 3;
    // Calling b.push changes its properties - it adds
    // a new property b[b.length] with the value "foo".
    // So the object referenced by b has been changed.
    b.push("foo");
    // The "first" property of argument c has been changed.
    // So the object referenced by c has been changed (unless c is a primitive)
    c.first = false;
}

var x = 4;
var y = ["eeny", "miny", "mo"];
var z = {first: true};
f(x,y,z);
console.log(x, y, z.first); // 4, ["eeny", "miny", "mo", "foo"], false

例二:

var a = ["1", "2", {foo:"bar"}];
var b = a[1]; // b is now "2";
var c = a[2]; // c now references {foo:"bar"}
a[1] = "4";   // a is now ["1", "4", {foo:"bar"}]; b still has the value
              // it had at the time of assignment
a[2] = "5";   // a is now ["1", "4", "5"]; c still has the value
              // it had at the time of assignment, i.e. a reference to
              // the object {foo:"bar"}
console.log(b, c.foo); // "2" "bar"

60
投票

Javascript always 按值传递。但是,如果将对象传递给函数,“值”实际上是对该对象的引用,因此该函数可以修改该对象的属性但不会导致函数外部的变量指向其他对象

例子:

function changeParam(x, y, z) {
  x = 3;
  y = "new string";
  z["key2"] = "new";
  z["key3"] = "newer";

  z = {"new" : "object"};
}

var a = 1,
    b = "something",
    c = {"key1" : "whatever", "key2" : "original value"};

changeParam(a, b, c);

// at this point a is still 1
// b is still "something"
// c still points to the same object but its properties have been updated
// so it is now {"key1" : "whatever", "key2" : "new", "key3" : "newer"}
// c definitely doesn't point to the new object created as the last line
// of the function with z = ...

28
投票

是的,Javascript 总是按值传递,但在数组或对象中,值是对它的引用,因此您可以“更改”内容。

但是,我想你已经在 SO 上读过了; 这里 你有你想要的文件:

http://snook.ca/archives/javascript/javascript_pass


19
投票
  1. 原始类型变量,如字符串,数字,总是pass as pass 按价值。
  2. 根据这两个条件,数组和对象是按引用传递还是按值传递。

    • 如果您正在使用新的对象或数组更改该对象或数组的值,那么它将通过值传递。

      object1 = {item: "car"};
        array1=[1,2,3];

    在这里,您正在将新对象或数组分配给旧对象。您没有更改属性的值 旧对象的。所以它是按值传递的。

    • 如果您正在更改对象或数组的属性值,则它通过引用传递。

      object1.item= "car";
        array1[0]=9;

    在这里你正在改变旧对象的属性值。你没有将新对象或数组分配给旧对象。所以它是通过引用传递的。

代码

    function passVar(object1, object2, number1) {

        object1.key1= "laptop";
        object2 = {
            key2: "computer"
        };
        number1 = number1 + 1;
    }

    var object1 = {
        key1: "car"
    };
    var object2 = {
        key2: "bike"
    };
    var number1 = 10;

    passVar(object1, object2, number1);
    console.log(object1.key1);
    console.log(object2.key2);
    console.log(number1);

Output: -
    laptop
    bike
    10
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