rotation 相关问题

#包括 #包括 #包括 #包括 #包括 #包括 #包括 #包括 #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string> #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> #include <GL/glew.h> #include <GL/glut.h> #include <GL/glm/glm.hpp> #include <GL/glm/gtx/transform.hpp> // rotate(), scale(), translate() #include <GL/glm/gtc/quaternion.hpp> #include <GL/glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp> using namespace std; GLuint VertexArrayID; GLuint programID; float sx = 0; float sy = 0; bool projMode = true; // true: perspective, false: ortho GLuint LoadShaders(const char* vertex_file_path, const char* fragment_file_path) { //create the shaders GLuint VertexShaderID = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER); GLuint FragmentShaderID = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER); GLint Result = GL_FALSE; int InfoLogLength; //Read the vertex shader code from the file string VertexShaderCode; ifstream VertexShaderStream(vertex_file_path, ios::in); if (VertexShaderStream.is_open()) { string Line = ""; while (getline(VertexShaderStream, Line)) VertexShaderCode += "\n" + Line; VertexShaderStream.close(); } //Compile Vertex Shader printf("Compiling shader : %s\n", vertex_file_path); char const* VertexSourcePointer = VertexShaderCode.c_str(); glShaderSource(VertexShaderID, 1, &VertexSourcePointer, NULL); glCompileShader(VertexShaderID); //Check Vertex Shader glGetShaderiv(VertexShaderID, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &Result); glGetShaderiv(VertexShaderID, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &InfoLogLength); if (InfoLogLength > 0) { vector<char> VertexShaderErrorMessage(InfoLogLength); glGetShaderInfoLog(VertexShaderID, InfoLogLength, NULL, &VertexShaderErrorMessage[0]); fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", &VertexShaderErrorMessage[0]); } //Read the fragment shader code from the file string FragmentShaderCode; ifstream FragmentShaderStream(fragment_file_path, ios::in); if (FragmentShaderStream.is_open()) { string Line = ""; while (getline(FragmentShaderStream, Line)) FragmentShaderCode += "\n" + Line; FragmentShaderStream.close(); } //Compile Fragment Shader printf("Compiling shader : %s\n", fragment_file_path); char const* FragmentSourcePointer = FragmentShaderCode.c_str(); glShaderSource(FragmentShaderID, 1, &FragmentSourcePointer, NULL); glCompileShader(FragmentShaderID); //Check Fragment Shader glGetShaderiv(FragmentShaderID, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &Result); glGetShaderiv(FragmentShaderID, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &InfoLogLength); if (InfoLogLength > 0) { vector<char> FragmentShaderErrorMessage(InfoLogLength); glGetShaderInfoLog(FragmentShaderID, InfoLogLength, NULL, &FragmentShaderErrorMessage[0]); fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", &FragmentShaderErrorMessage[0]); } //Link the program fprintf(stdout, "Linking program\n"); GLuint ProgramID = glCreateProgram(); glAttachShader(ProgramID, VertexShaderID); glAttachShader(ProgramID, FragmentShaderID); glLinkProgram(ProgramID); // Check the program glGetProgramiv(ProgramID, GL_LINK_STATUS, &Result); glGetProgramiv(ProgramID, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &InfoLogLength); vector<char> ProgramErrorMessage(max(InfoLogLength, int(1))); glGetProgramInfoLog(ProgramID, InfoLogLength, NULL, &ProgramErrorMessage[0]); fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", &ProgramErrorMessage[0]); glDeleteShader(VertexShaderID); glDeleteShader(FragmentShaderID); return ProgramID; } void renderScene(void) { //Clear all pixels glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); //Let's draw something here glBindVertexArray(VertexArrayID); //define the size of point and draw a point. glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); //Double buffer glutSwapBuffers(); } void mouse(int button, int state, int x, int y) { if (button == GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON && state == GLUT_DOWN) { projMode = !projMode; } } void init() { //initilize the glew and check the errors. GLenum res = glewInit(); if (res != GLEW_OK) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: '%s' \n", glewGetErrorString(res)); } //select the background color glClearColor(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0); glEnable(GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE); glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); glDepthFunc(GL_LESS); glDepthRange(0.0f, 1.0f); } GLfloat cubeVertices[] = { // front -0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, -0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, -0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f, // back 0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f, -0.1f,-0.1f,-0.1f, -0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f,-0.1f, -0.1f,-0.1f,-0.1f, // left -0.1f,-0.1f,-0.1f, -0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f, -0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, -0.1f,-0.1f,-0.1f, -0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, -0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f, // right 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f, // bottom 0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f, -0.1f,-0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f, -0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f, -0.1f,-0.1f,-0.1f, // top 1.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f, -0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, -0.1f, 0.1f,-0.1f, -0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, }; GLfloat cubeColors[] = { // red 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, // green 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, // blue 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, // yellow 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, // cyan 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, // magenta 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, }; /* idx | coord: 0 | (1,1,1) 1 | (-1, 1, 1) 2 | (-1,-1,1) 3 | (1, -1, 1) 4 | (1, -1, -1) 5 | (1, 1, -1) 6 | (-1, 1, -1) 7 | (-1, -1, -1) */ GLfloat cubeIndices[] = { // front 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 3, // back 5, 6, 7, 5, 6, 4, // left 1, 2, 6, 1, 2, 7, // right 0, 3, 4, 0, 4, 5, // top 0, 1, 5, 0, 1, 6, // bottom 2, 3, 4, 2, 4, 7, }; int main(int argc, char** argv) { //init GLUT and create Window //initialize the GLUT glutInit(&argc, argv); //GLUT_DOUBLE enables double buffering (drawing to a background buffer while the other buffer is displayed) glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DEPTH); //These two functions are used to define the position and size of the window. glutInitWindowPosition(200, 200); glutInitWindowSize(480, 480); //This is used to define the name of the window. glutCreateWindow("Simple OpenGL Window"); //call initization function init(); //0. programID = LoadShaders("VertexShader.txt", "FragmentShader.txt"); glUseProgram(programID); /**************************************************/ // model matrix glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f); float rotateAngle = 45.0f; glm::vec3 rotateAxis(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(rotateAngle), rotateAxis); glm::vec3 scaleVec(5.0f, 5.0f, 5.0f); model = glm::scale(model, scaleVec); glm::vec3 translateVec(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); model = glm::translate(model, translateVec); // view matrix glm::mat4 view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(5.0f, -5.0f, -5.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f)); // proj matrix glm::mat4 proj; int width = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_WIDTH); int height = glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_HEIGHT); if (projMode) { float aspectRatio = float(width) / height; proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), aspectRatio, 0.1f, 100.0f); } else { float orthoSize = 5.0f; proj = glm::ortho(-orthoSize, orthoSize, -orthoSize, orthoSize, 0.1f, 0.6f); } // model, view, proj matrix to shader GLint modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(programID, "model"); glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model)); GLint viewLoc = glGetUniformLocation(programID, "view"); glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view)); GLint projLoc = glGetUniformLocation(programID, "proj"); glUniformMatrix4fv(projLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(proj)); /**************************************************/ glGenVertexArrays(1, &VertexArrayID); glBindVertexArray(VertexArrayID); float vtxs[] = { -0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.3, 0.0 }; GLuint VBOs[3]; glGenBuffers(3, VBOs); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBOs[0]); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(float) * 3 * 3 * 2 * 6, cubeVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW); GLuint posAttribLoc = glGetAttribLocation(programID, "inPos"); glVertexAttribPointer(posAttribLoc, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, (GLvoid*)(0)); glEnableVertexAttribArray(posAttribLoc); glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBOs[1]); glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(float) * 4 * 3 * 2 * 6, cubeColors, GL_STATIC_DRAW); GLuint colAttribLoc = glGetAttribLocation(programID, "color"); glVertexAttribPointer(colAttribLoc, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, (GLvoid*)(0)); glEnableVertexAttribArray(colAttribLoc); glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBOs[2]); glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(float) * 6 * 6, cubeIndices, GL_STATIC_DRAW); GLuint idxAttribLoc = glGetAttribLocation(programID, "index"); glVertexAttribPointer(idxAttribLoc, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, (GLvoid*)(0)); glEnableVertexAttribArray(idxAttribLoc); glutDisplayFunc(renderScene); glutMouseFunc(mouse); //enter GLUT event processing cycle glutMainLoop(); glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VertexArrayID); return 1; } 我想用上面的代码绘制一个 3D 立方体，但我得到一个白色的窗口。如何在窗口上显示 3D 立方体？如果我对 VBO 和 IBO 使用像“VBOs”这样的数组，如上面的代码所示，会出现问题吗？另外，你能告诉我如何绘制多个立方体吗？最后，如果您告诉我我的代码中还有其他问题，我将非常感谢您。我是一个完全的初学者，说实话，我并不完全理解图形管道。但我真的很感谢你对我的作业的帮助。 type的参数glDrawElements为整数1。您已将索引定义为实数数组： GLfloat cubeIndices[] = { // front 0, 1, 2, 因此，当 glDrawElements 工作并读取 cubeIndices 的内存时，它会遇到一些巨大的值（例如，整数值 1 作为浮点数为 0x3f80'0000）。您定义的索引完全不在顶点属性数组确定的范围内。

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